大口徑方管電（diàn）焊作業的健康危害因素很多,養家糊口掙錢的前提（tí）下，我（wǒ）們還要更多預防（fáng）關愛身體健康，那麽今（jīn）天為大（dà）家講解一下電焊具（jù）體有哪些危害（hài） .大口（kǒu）徑方管電弧焊接時，焊條中的焊芯（xīn）、藥皮（pí）和金屬母材在電弧高（gāo）溫下熔（róng）化、蒸發、氧（yǎng）化、凝集（jí），產生大量金屬氧化物及其他物質的煙塵，長期吸入可引起焊工塵肺。電焊工塵肺一般發生的密閉、通風不良的作業條件（jiàn）下，發病（bìng）工齡平均為18a左右。肺通氣功能（néng）測定表明接觸電塵可（kě）引起電焊工一定程度的（de）肺通氣功（gōng）能損傷，電焊載FVC1.0、FEV1.0％、MMF、V5050、VP2525、PEFR等肺通氣功能均明顯降低；吸煙（yān）因素與接塵（chén）因素對電焊（hàn）工的肺（fèi）通（tōng）氣功能可能產生協同作用；電焊工的肺（fèi）通氣（qì）操作（zuò）有隨接塵工（gōng）齡的延長而加重的趨勢。
There are many health hazards in large caliber square pipe welding. On the premise of making a living and earning money, we still need to take more care of our health. Today, we will explain the specific hazards of electric welding. In large caliber square pipe arc welding, the welding cores, coating and metal base materials in the electrode melt, evaporate, oxidize and agglomerate at high arc temperature, resulting in a large number of metal oxidation. Long-term inhalation of fumes and other substances can cause welder pneumoconiosesis. The average length of service for welder pneumoconiosesis is about 18 years under the closed and poorly ventilated working conditions. The pulmonary ventilation function test showed that exposure to electro-dust could cause a certain degree of pulmonary ventilation function damage in welders. The pulmonary ventilation function of welders loaded with FVC1.0, FEV1.0%, MMF, V5050, VP2525 and PEFR were significantly reduced. Smoking and dust exposure factors may have synergistic effects on the pulmonary ventilation function of welders. The pulmonary ventilation operation of welders tended to aggravate with the extension of the duration of exposure to dust.
（2）錳中毒
(2) Manganese poisoning
各種焊件和焊條中均有數量不等的錳（měng），一般焊芯中的含錳量很低（dī），隻有0.3％～0.6％左右。為了（le）提高機械強度、耐磨、搞腐蝕等性能，使用含錳條時，含錳可高達23％。在通（tōng）風不良場所如（rú）船（chuán）艙（cāng）、鍋爐或密閉（bì）容器內施焊，長期吸入含錳的（de）煙塵可發生錳中毒，可檢出血錳、尿錳升高，神經係統功能改變，發錳測定亦可作為錳（měng）中毒（dú）早（zǎo）期篩（shāi）檢指標。
Manganese is found in all kinds of welding parts and electrodes. Generally, the manganese content in the core is very low, only about 0.3%-0.6%. In order to improve mechanical strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance, manganese content can be up to 23% when using manganese bar. Manganese poisoning can occur when welding in poorly ventilated places such as cabins, boilers or closed containers. Manganese poisoning can occur when smoke and dust containing manganese are inhaled for a long time. Manganese elevation in blood and urine can be detected. Changes in nervous system function can also be detected. Manganese determination can also be used as an early screening index for manganese poisoning.
（3）電（diàn）焊煙熱
(3) welding fume heat
電焊煙熱也稱焊工熱，是金屬煙熱的一種（zhǒng），由吸入金屬（shǔ）氧化物所致的（de）以驟起體（tǐ）溫升高和外周血白細胞計數增多為主要表現的全身性疾病，常在接金屬氣（qì）氧化物煙後（hòu）6～12h起（qǐ）發病，有頭暈、乏力、胸悶、氣急、肌肉關節酸痛，以後發熱，白細胞增多，重（chóng）者在畏寒、寒顫（chàn）。
Welding fume heat, also known as welder heat, is a kind of metal fume heat. It is a systemic disease caused by inhalation of metal oxides, characterized by sudden rise of body temperature and increase of peripheral blood white blood cell count. It often occurs 6 to 12 hours after exposure to metal oxide fumes. It has dizziness, fatigue, chest tightness, shortness of breath, soreness of muscles and joints, later fever, increase of white blood cells, and severe people are afraid of cold and shivering. This is the case.
大口徑方管
Large caliber square pipe
（4）對眼及皮膚的影響
(4) Effect on eyes and skin
紫外線（UVR）和（hé）紅外線（IFR）對眼及皮膚的操作是電焊作業職業損害（hài）的一個重（chóng）要方麵。電焊工眼部症狀明顯增多常有報道，表現（xiàn）為電光性眼炎（yán）、慢性瞼緣（yuán）炎、結膜炎、晶體混濁等，且慢性臉緣炎、結膜（mó）炎患病（bìng）率有隨工齡增加而增設的趨勢。過量UVR暴露的主要損害為光敏性角膜炎，電焊工白內障與紅外線接觸有關。國外最近的研究表明，工人接觸過量UVR會有發生非（fēi）黑色素細胞皮膚癌和其他諸如（rú）眼惡性黑色素瘤等（děng）慢性疾病的危險。
The operation of ultraviolet (UVR) and infrared (IFR) on eyes and skin is an important aspect of occupational damage in welding operation. It is often reported that the ocular symptoms of welders increase markedly, such as electro-optic ophthalmitis, chronic blepharitis, conjunctivitis, lens opacity, etc. The prevalsence of chronic facial and conjunctivitis increases with the increase of working years. The main damage of excessive UVR exposure is photosensitive keratitis, and cataract in welders is related to infrared exposure. Recent studies abroad have shown that workers exposed to excessive UVR are at risk of developing non-melanocytic skin cancer and other chronic diseases such as malignant melanoma of the eye.
（5）對生殖係統的影響
(5) Effects on reproductive system
生殖毒性（xìng）的結局意義重大，故近10年來國（guó）內外開展了一些關於電焊作業生殖毒性的（de）研究，主要涉（shè）及男工精液質量，女工生（shēng）殖結局及損害機（jī）製（zhì）。研究表（biǎo）明：電女工月經的經（jīng）量增加、周期縮短、經期延長、白帶增加發病率高於對照組，自然流產、早產（chǎn）、痛經、經量均較對照組（zǔ）高。錳中毒男工精液外觀均勻灰白色（sè），較正常，平均液化時間比對照組延長。檢驗結果證明，錳中毒男工平均1次（cì）射精量、精（jīng）子總數、精子（zǐ）存活率及活動（dòng）精子均比對照組下降，錳（měng）中毒男工精子畸（jī）形率明顯高於對照組。認（rèn）為金屬錳能（néng）夠影響（xiǎng）男工生精係統，對（duì）精子（zǐ）的發育有直接毒作用，並能殺傷精子（zǐ），從而引起男性（xìng）精質量的改變。國外也有報道電焊作業工作性激素分泌改變，精子質量下降，但對子代的性別比例沒有影響。
The outcome of reproductive toxicity is of great significance. Therefore, in the past 10 years, some studies on reproductive toxicity of electric welding have been carried out at home and abroad, mainly involving the quality of semen, reproductive outcome and damage mechanism of female workers. The results showed that the incidence of increased menstruation, shortened cycle, prolonged menstruation and increased leucorrhea was higher than that of the control group, and the incidence of spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, dysmenorrhea and menstrual volume were higher than those of the control group. The semen appearance of male workers with manganese poisoning was even grey and white, and the average liquefaction time was longer than that of the control group. The results showed that the average ejaculation volume, total sperm count, sperm survival rate and motile sperm of male workers with manganese poisoning were lower than those of the control group, and the sperm malformation rate of male workers with manganese poisoning was significantly higher than that of the control group. It is believed that manganese can affect the spermatogenic system of male workers, have direct toxic effects on sperm development, and kill sperm, thus causing changes in the quality of male sperm. There are also reports of changes in sex hormone secretion and sperm quality in welding operations abroad, but there is no effect on the sex ratio of offspring.
（6）對內髒的影響
(6) Visceral effects
通過B超過檢查探討（tǎo）電焊對作（zuò）業工人肝脾的影響。結果電焊作業組工作左肝長、厚，右肝斜厚及脾厚均高於對照組，並有顯（xiǎn）著性差異。電焊作業工人肝脾存在一定損害，且隨工齡延長（zhǎng）有加重趨勢。國外（wài）有報道，胰腺內分（fèn）泌腫瘤在電焊工中發生的危險度也明顯高於正（zhèng）常人群。
The effect of electric welding on the liver and spleen of workers was studied by B-mode ultrasonography. Results The length and thickness of left liver, oblique thickness of right liver and spleen in welding group were higher than those in control group, and there were significant differences. The liver and spleen of welded workers were damaged to some extent, and the damage tended to aggravate with the prolongation of service life. It has been reported abroad that the risk of pancreatic endocrine tumors in welders is also significantly higher than that in normal people.
